The Early Modern Philosophy

Renaissance awakened sense of the dignity of every human being (Humanism),

In Europe, it was shaken (поколебались) the thrones of absolute monarchies.

The Middle Ages finally retreated (отходить) into the past. The period

Early Modern Time was a time of rapid development of science

As well as this was time of introduction of fundamentally new

New time has come first in the spiritual area, and only

He was born in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon

“Greater recovery of Science”: “The New Organon”;
“New Atlantis”,
“The thoughts and

Bacon was one of the people appointed to plan the joining

Four factors hinder (мешать) the veridical cognition of nature, which he

3) “Idols of the Marketplace”, coming from the misuse of language;

Bacon’s writings started and made famous a way of thinking about

This idea is then further tested by more experiments. This way

From research and scientific knowledge Bacon excludes the supernatural substances (God,

Religion and science can be likened to two geometric planes that

Empirics are ants: the leaves in one pile (куча)
Rationalists are spiders:

Deductive thinking can not enrich us with new knowledge in the

In the book “New Atlantis” Bacon described the ideal society, in

Thomas Hobbes
(1588 - 1679)
was a philosopher from England, who

Among all the sciences Hobbes singled geometry.
Unlike Bacon, Hobbes believes that

Matter is the highest and the only “substance”, which is reflected

Hobbes tried to show that the best kind of government has

“Homo homini lupus est” (man is a wolf to man)
Hobbes said

Bellum omnium contra omnes (the war of all against all)
Then Hobbes

Theory of Social contract
No one would be able to trust anyone

Theory of Social contract
Next, Hobbes argues that it would be a

Theory of Social contract
Next, Hobbes argues that it would be a

Only through public and state violence people can live in community,

Hobbes described his socio-political ideas in his well-known
“LEVIATHAN or The

Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
was a French philosopher and physicist.
His dualism

In his Discourse on Method (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific

He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (Dioptrics), and the weather

In his Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Descartes found that he

Descartes believed that in the world there is nothing but matter.

Everything is in motion, as movement is inherent quality of matter.

So along with matter, Descartes assumes the existence of a special

Thus, there are two substances in the world:
1) extended (протяженный)

Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677)
was a Dutch philosopher.
Works:
“Ethics”,
“Theologico-Political Treatise”
Citation –

Spinoza believed that only from the standpoint of mind we can

Thus, Spinoza was a monist. He acknowledged existence of only one

Two types of thoughts, or emotions:
1) Active – when a person

John Locke (1632 - 1704) was an English philosopher and physician,

Mind a newborn is “Tabula rasa”.
Two kinds of cognition:
perception
analysis

Locke, writing his “Letters Concerning Toleration”, formulated a classic reasoning for

Gottfried Leibniz
(1646 -1716)
was a German intellectual who wrote mostly

According to Leibniz, every monad has eternal nature. They appear and

His conclusion is that our universe is the best possible one

David Hume
(1711 - 1776)
was a philosopher and historian from Scotland.

He wrote a series of large books called The History of

Hume said that many of our beliefs do not come from

French Enlightenment materialists and atheists 18th century

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a famous French speaking philosopher. He was

Rousseau tried to explain the reasons for social inequality and its

Francois Marie Voltaire (1694-1778) was a French philosopher.
Works:
Treatise on Tolerance
Candide:

In theory of knowledge, he was a supporter of sensationalism. He

Voltaire did not like the church and thought that people should

History is the process of gradually increasing role of mind.
Voltaire

Charles Montesquieu (1689 - 1755) was a French political thinker.
Geographical determinism

Montesquieu is famous for his theory of the separation of powers

Montesquieu’s most radical work divided French people into three classes, or

In “Persian letters” he criticized absolute monarchy, religion.
In general, he reduced