Ecosystem services

Сентябрь 10, 2022

Содержание

2. Ecosystem services An evolving (bringing out) policy agenda for DEFRA A framework for taking into account
3. What ecosystem services are and why they are important? Evolving interest nationally and internationally, including emerging
4. Definition: “An ecosystem is a dynamic functional unit consisting of all plants and animals (biodiversity) in
5. Services provided by ecosystems Provisioning - timber, food, clean air Regulating - climate, flooding Cultural -
6. Nature and health - benefits There is some evidence that contact with nature can: alleviate stress
7. Nature’s role in adaptation to climate change Urban environments (water retention (conservation), shade, cooling, pollution control)
8. Some statistics The cost of global biodiversity decline under a business as usual scenario is estimated
9. Economics and ecosystems The natural environment has been degraded, and its services to society compromised, because
10. Understanding of ecosystem services is ‘challenging the misconception that we must choose between the natural environment
11. Benefits of the ecosystem services approach Understanding the full value of the natural environment enables: decisions
12. ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB) A global study initiated by the G8 and hosted
13. TEEB reports The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity – interim report TEEB reports for: Policymakers Local
14. Increasing recognition “Will biodiversity loss be the next ‘climate change’ for business to deal with?” Pricewaterhouse|Coopers
15. ‘Natural Environment White Paper’ Ecosystem services is the central theme of the DEFRA consultation on the
16. Local Scale: Community Watershed Management India - Sukhomajri Grazing and tree felling was compromising a downstream
17. Silvopastoral: Forest Grazing Project Columbia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua Goal: reduce the impact of cattle farming
18. Management Activities to Improve Watershed Health in Central Asia Grazing and Range Management Fire Management and
19. Ecosystem services and local authorities Conservation and management of the natural environment Use of the natural
20. Local authority services Health Climate change adaptation Planning and development Integrated land management Management of local
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Слайд 2

Ecosystem services
An evolving (bringing out) policy agenda for DEFRA
A framework for

taking into account the underpinning (maintaining) role of the natural environment to the needs of society and the economy

Слайд 3

What ecosystem services are and why they are important?
Evolving interest nationally

and internationally, including emerging government policy
Relevance to Local Authority services

Слайд 4

Definition:
“An ecosystem is a dynamic functional unit consisting of all plants

and animals (biodiversity) in an area, together with the nonliving, physical components of the environment (water, soil and air) with which they interact.”

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Services provided by ecosystems
Provisioning - timber, food, clean air
Regulating - climate,

flooding
Cultural - health, recreation and tourism
Supporting - soil formation, water cycling

Social and economic prosperity

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Nature and health - benefits
There is some evidence that contact with

nature can:
alleviate stress and mental health problems
improve physical health
help recovery from illness
improve quality of life for older people
enhance social interaction and improve community cohesion (unity)
reduce aggression, violence and crime
improve children’s well-being into adulthood

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Nature’s role in adaptation to climate change
Urban environments (water retention

(conservation), shade, cooling, pollution control)
Flood alleviation
Renewable energy (wood fuel)

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Some statistics
The cost of global biodiversity decline under a business as

usual scenario is estimated at £14trillion by 2050 (7% of global GDP)
Pollinating insects contribute up to £440m to the UK economy every year
The creation of a network of Marine Conservation Zones around the UK will provide ecosystem services worth up to £1.6bn / year
The National Health Service could save over £2bn through increased access to greens pace

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Economics and ecosystems
The natural environment has been degraded, and its services

to society compromised, because it is not easy to put a cash value on nature. The full value of the natural environment is not taken into account in cost benefit analysis.
Wider understanding of the services provided by nature and innovation in economic valuation and accounting is starting to address this.

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Understanding of ecosystem services is ‘challenging the misconception that we must

choose between the natural environment and economic growth’ – (Natural Environment White Paper)

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Benefits of the ecosystem services approach
Understanding the full value of the

natural environment enables:
decisions on the natural environment that do not compromise benefits to society, business and the economy
improved delivery of services through better use of the natural environment
reduced business risk and increased business opportunity

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‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB)
A global study initiated by

the G8 and hosted by the United Nations
Supported by the European Commission and The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Focus - the global economic benefit of biodiversity and the cost of its degradation
The UN study makes the case for integrating the economic values of biodiversity and ecosystem services in decision making

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TEEB reports
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity – interim report
TEEB reports

for:
Policymakers
Local and regional policy
Business
Citizens

Слайд 14

Increasing recognition
“Will biodiversity loss be the next ‘climate change’ for business

to deal with?” Pricewaterhouse|Coopers

BBC’s Panorama (Sept 2010): ‘Britain’s disappearing wildlife and ecosystem services’

“Our environment is the natural foundation on which our economy is built” Caroline Spelman (The Guardian, July 2010)

‘UN says case for saving species more powerful than climate change’ (The Guardian)

Global Business of Biodiversity Symposium (London, July 2010)

‘The NHS needs to make the most of our wonderful, free natural health service’ Dr. Michael Dixon, Chairman, NHS Alliance

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‘Natural Environment White Paper’
Ecosystem services is the central theme of the

DEFRA consultation on the White Paper (August 2010)
The discussion document focuses on:
valuing nature
biodiversity, water, air, soil
creating a greener economy
the ‘Big Society’
an increasing role for local government

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

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Local Scale: Community Watershed Management
India - Sukhomajri
Grazing and tree felling was

compromising a downstream water supply (Chandigarh)
Villagers compensated to shift grazing from watershed hills and apply soil/water conserving practices on farmland
Payment mechanisms:
portion of water rights fees
in kind: access to other grazing areas
Siltation fell by 95%, $200,000 savings
Agricultural productivity increased 500% for wheat, 400% for maize, 30% for milk

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Silvopastoral: Forest Grazing Project
Columbia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua
Goal: reduce the impact

of cattle farming on water quality
Cattle farmers paid to plant trees and live fences
Increased filtration, reduced runoff
Co-benefits: carbon sequestration, biodiversity
Payments
In kind: technical assistance and training
Annual payment based on land use practice score
Maximum payment: $6,000 per farm over 4 years
Funding: Carbon and biodiversity offsets (compensate)
Facilitated by World Bank, GEF, FAO, in-country intermediaries

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Management Activities to Improve Watershed Health in Central Asia
Grazing and Range

Management
Fire Management and Fuels Treatment
Road Construction and Maintenance
Restoration of Riparian (coastal ) Areas
Soil and Water Conservation on Farmland
Invasive (undesirable) Species Management (Prevention: e.g. weed-free hay)

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Ecosystem services and local authorities
Conservation and management of the natural environment
Use

of the natural environment in delivering services
Relevant contexts:
Regulatory activity
Decisions
Service provision
Engagement with partners

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Local authority services
Health
Climate change adaptation
Planning and development
Integrated land management
Management of local

authority land
Highways and flood alleviation
Coastal and water management
Economic development

Ecosystem services

Содержание

Ecosystem servicesAn evolving (bringing out) policy agenda for DEFRAA framework for

What ecosystem services are and why they are important?Evolving interest nationally

Definition: “An ecosystem is a dynamic functional unit consisting of all plants

Services provided by ecosystemsProvisioning - timber, food, clean airRegulating - climate,

Nature and health - benefitsThere is some evidence that contact with

Nature’s role in adaptation to climate change Urban environments (water retention

Some statisticsThe cost of global biodiversity decline under a business as

Economics and ecosystemsThe natural environment has been degraded, and its services

Understanding of ecosystem services is ‘challenging the misconception that we must

Benefits of the ecosystem services approachUnderstanding the full value of the

‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity’ (TEEB)A global study initiated by

TEEB reportsThe Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity – interim report TEEB reports

Increasing recognition“Will biodiversity loss be the next ‘climate change’ for business

‘Natural Environment White Paper’Ecosystem services is the central theme of the

Local Scale: Community Watershed ManagementIndia - SukhomajriGrazing and tree felling was

Silvopastoral: Forest Grazing ProjectColumbia, Costa Rica and NicaraguaGoal: reduce the impact

Management Activities to Improve Watershed Health in Central AsiaGrazing and Range

Ecosystem services and local authoritiesConservation and management of the natural environmentUse

Local authority servicesHealthClimate change adaptationPlanning and developmentIntegrated land managementManagement of local

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