EU financial supports for cross-border co-operations: internal borders

Август 7, 2022

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EU financial supports for cross-border co-operations: internal borders

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2. Interreg programmes 1990-2020: historical perspective the initiative dates back to the mid-1980s resulting from the crisis
3. Interreg programmes 1990-2020: geographical perspective and strands the regions in question are peripheral areas within countries,
4. Interreg projects, phases and ERDF funding totals Sources: INTERACT, The Community Initiative INTERREG; LRDP LTD, Ex-post
5. Interreg 0 (1988-1989): piloting period 14 pilot projects located primarily in the six founding Member States
6. Interreg I (1990-1993): overview through this financial instrument the European Union acknowledged the role of cross-border
7. Interreg I (1990-1993): financial considerations Sectoral distribution of projects supported by Interreg I total EU contribution:
8. Interreg II (1994-1999): introducing strands the Interreg IIA Programme represented only a small proportion within the
9. Interreg IIA (1994-1999): new support areas in addition to the existing ones, the programme introduced new
10. Interreg II (1994-1999): implementation mechanism Implementation mechanism of the Interreg Programmes Operational Programmes (OPs): contract-based programmes
11. Interreg IIA (1994-1999): geographical location Map and list of Interreg IIA programmes Source: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/inter2a/map_inter2a.pdf
12. Interreg IIA (1994-1999): significance the first initiative to incorporate all border regions along the internal and
13. Interreg III (2000-2006): largest Community Initiative part of the Lisbon strategy: ”to become the most competitive
14. Interreg III (2000-2006): three strands Interreg IIIA cross-border co-operations – a continuation of Interreg I and
15. Interreg III (2000-2006): financial allocations The allocated funds were defined for all Member States on the
16. Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): eligibility All NUTS 3 regions situated along the internal or external land borders
17. Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): expanded priorities The priorities of Interreg IIIA have been expanded in comparison with
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Слайд 2

Interreg programmes 1990-2020: historical perspective
the initiative dates back to the mid-1980s

resulting from the crisis in the steel industry (affecting border areas of Luxembourg, Belgium and France)
creation of the European Development Pole (1985): a joint response to the redevelopment of a trinational area
since 1987, the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR), founded in 1971, has been engaged in talks with the Commission and Members of the European Parliament with the aim of proposing long-term projects backed by European financial support in border regions
a community initiative programme (CIP) with the objective of forging links between neighbouring local actors on both sides of a national frontier between Member States.
is intended to reduce the obstacle to relations and exchanges that the border represents
four generations of programmes, lasting from four to seven years (since 1990) and a fifth phase, which began in 2014, will be completed in 2020
since 2007, European territorial cooperation (ETC) has been a fully fledged objective of cohesion policy
the Interreg CIP programmes, and later those of the ETC objective (which continue to go under the name of Interreg) aim at integration at various scales (cross-border, transnational and interregional) within the framework of decentralised management, using a standard, shared-management approach

Слайд 3

Interreg programmes 1990-2020: geographical perspective and strands
the regions in question are

peripheral areas within countries, where the economy depends on the presence of the border
the programme is aimed as much at mitigating the undesirable effects of the opening of the borders that took place in 1993 as at overcoming national differences

The three strands of Interreg (beginning with Interreg II)

Sources: INTERACT, The Community Initiative INTERREG; LRDP LTD, Ex-post Evaluations

Слайд 4

Interreg projects, phases and ERDF funding totals
Sources: INTERACT, The Community Initiative

INTERREG; LRDP LTD, Ex-post Evaluations

EU regions participating in cross-border co-operation 1989-2013

Source: European Territorial Cooperation: Building bridges between people, September 2011

Слайд 5

Interreg 0 (1988-1989): piloting period
14 pilot projects
located primarily in the six founding

Member States
funding: 21 million ECU
legal basis: Article 10 of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
considered a success and smoothed the way for the establishment of the Interreg programme
introduced a territorial dimension into regional policy by identifying the border regions of the EU-12 Member States as territories whose geographical location gave rise to specific characteristics
could not be applied across the board to all frontiers, particularly those that formed the external borders of EU-12
eligible areas: essentially those NUTS 3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) (1) areas separated by a land or maritime border
project selection criteria:
the involvement of at least two stakeholders situated on either side of a frontier in the areas eligible for the programme
co-financing by different partners
independent management (a managing authority handles all interaction with the Commission)
and management control exercised by the Member States in question, under the Commission’s supervision.

Слайд 6

Interreg I (1990-1993): overview
through this financial instrument the European Union acknowledged the

role of cross-border co-operations in the deepening of the integration processes
funded from several sources:
the majority of the support derives from the Structural Funds (ERDF, ASF)
but an additional proportion is contributed by the Member States on the national, regional and local levels: the size of co-financing for Member States was 50%
31 Operational Programmes were approved
diverse range of border regions and experiences of cross-border co-operations within the European Union:
Operational Programmes along the internal and external borders of the EU
underdeveloped Objective 1 regions and “core” regions of the EU
regions with experience of local and regional cross-border co-operation and structures (“bottom-up” programmes) and those with a more centralised national approach to cross-border co-operation (“top-down” programmes)

Слайд 7

Interreg I (1990-1993): financial considerations
Sectoral distribution of projects supported by Interreg

total EU contribution: 1 082 million euro
projects were funded across a wide range of sectors such as
transport and communications,
environment,
business,
tourism,
rural development
and training
ratio of joint projects in the fields of environmental protection and rural development: relatively low in the first period of the programme
mainly the consequence of the harmonisation with the Objective areas

Source: based on data by von Malchus

Слайд 8

Interreg II (1994-1999): introducing strands
the Interreg IIA Programme represented only a

small proportion within the total budget of the EU (1.5%)
Interreg IIA Programme separated 2 565 million euro for the 1994-1999 programming period to support all those NUTS 3 regions which lie along the internal or external borders of the EU
Interreg IIA as the main strand on cross-border co-operation – with a total EU allocation of 2 565 million euro (see Table below)
Interreg IIB aimed to complete selected energy networks (former Regen Initiative) and had been allocated 550 million euro
Interreg IIC was introduced in 1996 aiming at the support of transnational co-operation actions on spatial planning and other fields, and received an allocation of 413 million euro

Financial distribution of Interreg IIA (1994-1999, million euro)

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Interreg IIA (1994-1999): new support areas
in addition to the existing ones, the

programme introduced new support areas, namely:
health care
language teaching
culture
infrastructural developments
co-operation in the field of public utilities (water, gas and electricity supplies, sewage treatment)
cross-border spatial planning

Distribution of Interreg IIA supports along the borders with countries receiving Phare allocation (1994-99, by sectors, %)

Слайд 10

Interreg II (1994-1999): implementation mechanism
Implementation mechanism of the Interreg Programmes
Operational Programmes

(OPs): contract-based programmes for the border regions of the Member States
the implementation of the OPs is the responsibility of so-called operative committees

Слайд 11

Interreg IIA (1994-1999): geographical location
Map and list of Interreg IIA programmes
Source:

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/inter2a/map_inter2a.pdf

Слайд 12

Interreg IIA (1994-1999): significance
the first initiative to incorporate all border regions

along the internal and external borders of the EU
the breakdown of the OPs demonstrates the increasing importance of the external EU border:
35 programmes were related to internal EU borders and
24 concerned the external ones (Central European countries, Russia, Norway Switzerland, Cyprus, and Morocco).
stronger emphasis on co-operations across maritime borders
a total of 16 (of which 11 along internal borders) maritime OPs were supported under Interreg IIA – compared to having only 4 under Interreg I
EU funds for OPs in some Objective 1 regions exceeded 100 million euro
largest: the Spanish-Portuguese (552 million euro) and the Greek external borders (310 million euro)
these two border regions had the largest budget in the history of Interreg IIA. At the same time, 30 programmes received ‘only’ 5-25 million euro

Слайд 13

Interreg III (2000-2006): largest Community Initiative
part of the Lisbon strategy: ”to

become the most competitive region in the world by 2010”
and part of the territorial strategy outlined in the 1999 ESDP
addressed the prospective enlargements of 2004 and 2007 with the first Phare Programme (Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their Economies) as well as the borders with Russia and Finland through the Tacis Programme (Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States)
covered all the internal and external border regions of EU-15 and then EU-25 after 2004

Слайд 14

Interreg III (2000-2006): three strands
Interreg IIIA cross-border co-operations – a continuation

of Interreg I and Interreg IIA: cross-border co-operation between neighbouring authorities to develop cross-border economic and social centres through joint strategies for sustainable territorial development
Interreg IIIB transnational co-operation – an extension of Interreg IIC: between national, regional and local authorities – to promote a higher degree of territorial integration across large groupings of European regions with a view to achieve sustainable, harmonious and balanced development in the Community and better territorial integration with candidate and other neighbouring countries
Interreg IIIC interregional co-operation – a new strand which corresponds to an extension and possibly widening of the field of co-operation previously covered by the RECITE and Ecos-Overture type programmes: to improve the effectiveness of policies and instruments for regional development and cohesion through networking

Слайд 15

Interreg III (2000-2006): financial allocations
The allocated funds were defined for all

Member States on the basis of the number of the population of the border regions along the external EU borders, the peripheral regions and the regions neighbouring Central and Eastern Europe. Minimum 50% of this had to be spent on cross-border co-operations, 14% on transnational co-operations and 6% on interregional co-operations.
Altogether 53 projects were approved under Interreg IIIA. The European Commission found it especially important the actions to be implemented in the NUTS 3 regions located along the border in the case of the infrastructural investments.
The European Commission set it as its aim for the 2000-2006 budgetary period to help the coordination of all other instruments with Interreg IIIA so as to support mirror projects in the (candidate) countries adjacent to the EU.

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Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): eligibility
All NUTS 3 regions situated along the internal

or external land borders of the EU, and certain NUTS 3 maritime regions were eligible for support within the framework of Interreg IIIA. In some cases, NUTS 3 regions adjacent to the regions mentioned above were also eligible for funding. This was also true for areas which were not classified as NUTS 3 regions but were enclosed by NUTS 3 regions that lay along a border or in a region where such areas adjoined others running along borders. In both cases, eligibility for funding was granted, provided they did not account for more than 20% of the total spending for the OP concerned.

NUTS 3 regions eligible for Interreg IIIA

Source: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/interreg3/down/pdf/europe.pdf

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Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): expanded priorities
The priorities of Interreg IIIA have been

expanded in comparison with those of the previous two programming periods and became more specific:
promotion of urban, rural and coastal development
strengthening the spirit of enterprise
developing small and medium-sized enterprises, including those in the tourism sector
developing local employment initiatives
assistance for labour market integration and social inclusion
initiatives for encouraging shared use of human resources and facilities for research and development, education, culture, communication, health and civil protection
measures for environmental protection, improving energy efficiency and renewable energy resources
improving transport, information and communication networks and services, water and energy systems
increasing co-operation in legal and administrative areas
increasing human and institutional potential for cross-border co-operation

EU financial supports for cross-border co-operations: internal borders

Содержание

Interreg programmes 1990-2020: historical perspectivethe initiative dates back to the mid-1980s

Interreg programmes 1990-2020: geographical perspective and strandsthe regions in question are

Interreg projects, phases and ERDF funding totalsSources: INTERACT, The Community Initiative

Interreg 0 (1988-1989): piloting period14 pilot projectslocated primarily in the six founding

Interreg I (1990-1993): overviewthrough this financial instrument the European Union acknowledged the

Interreg I (1990-1993): financial considerationsSectoral distribution of projects supported by Interreg

Interreg II (1994-1999): introducing strandsthe Interreg IIA Programme represented only a

Interreg IIA (1994-1999): new support areasin addition to the existing ones, the

Interreg II (1994-1999): implementation mechanismImplementation mechanism of the Interreg ProgrammesOperational Programmes

Interreg IIA (1994-1999): geographical locationMap and list of Interreg IIA programmesSource:

Interreg IIA (1994-1999): significancethe first initiative to incorporate all border regions

Interreg III (2000-2006): largest Community Initiativepart of the Lisbon strategy: ”to

Interreg III (2000-2006): three strandsInterreg IIIA cross-border co-operations – a continuation

Interreg III (2000-2006): financial allocationsThe allocated funds were defined for all

Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): eligibilityAll NUTS 3 regions situated along the internal

Interreg IIIA (2000-2006): expanded prioritiesThe priorities of Interreg IIIA have been

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