CAE Writing Basics

Август 22, 2022

Содержание

2. PLAN 1.Content 2. Communicative Achievement 2.1. Register 2.2. Punctuation 2.3. Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm. 3. Cohesion and
3. CONTENT ESSAY Discuss TWO of the factors. Explain why they influence young people’s choice to live
4. Example
5. CONTENT REPORT Advantages of the resources offered to students. Disadvantages of the resources offered to students.
6. Example
7. CONTENT REVIEW Description of an activity holiday. Evaluation to what extent it met your expectations. Recommendations
8. Example
9. CONTENT LETTER Personal experience of using technology for learning in your country. Advantages of using technology
10. Example
11. CONTENT PROPOSAL Invitation to students to visit the college. Statement of how low the visit should
12. Example
13. Register Formal Semi-formal Informal Report Proposal Letter (to somebody you don’t know or to whom you’re
14. Register
15. Register
16. Register
17. Punctuation The colon Colons are used to separate (a) two main clauses, or (b) a main
18. Punctuation The semi-colon Semi-colons are used to separate two long main clauses, when they both have
19. Punctuation The comma Commas are principally used to separate clauses, to put words into relief in
20. Punctuation Long dashes can be used, rather like brackets, to put part of a sentence into
21. Punctuation Exclamation marks Exclamation marks can replace full stops at the end of a sentence, to
22. PUNCTUATION CLAUSES Commas separate only non-defining clauses. Defining clauses are not separated by commas: Example: The
23. Punctuation When an introductory prepositional phrase is very short (less than four words), the comma is
24. Punctuation Before “because” no comma must be used. Example: Michael went to the forest because he
25. Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm
26. Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm Common cases of redundancy: In order to – just “to…” Forever and ever…just
27. Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm Use descriptive nouns and verbs whenever possible. (“Roses" or "tulips" instead of "flowers;"
28. Cohesion
29. Coherence The issue of global warming has become one of the most popular concerns nowadays. For
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PLAN
1.Content
2. Communicative Achievement
2.1. Register
2.2. Punctuation
2.3. Paragraphing, Length,

Rhythm.
3. Cohesion and Coherence

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CONTENT ESSAY
Discuss TWO of the factors.
Explain why they influence young

people’s choice to live in big cities.
Identify one factor which is more significant.
Prove that it is more significant.

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Example

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CONTENT REPORT
Advantages of the resources offered to students.
Disadvantages of the

resources offered to students.
Recommendations how these resources can be improved.

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Example

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CONTENT REVIEW
Description of an activity holiday.
Evaluation to what extent

it met your expectations.
Recommendations and mentioning to what kind of people it would be beneficial.

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Example

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CONTENT LETTER
Personal experience of using technology for learning in your country.

Advantages of using technology for learning.
Disadvantages of using technology for learning.

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Example

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CONTENT PROPOSAL
Invitation to students to visit the college.
Statement of

how low the visit should last.
Description of activities included.
Explanation of the benefits of the visit to students.

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Example

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Register
Formal Semi-formal Informal
Report
Proposal
Letter (to somebody you don’t know or

to whom you’re in a subordinate position)

Essay
Letter (to smb superior to you, older than you but whom you know quite well or to a stranger of the same age)
Review

Letter (to smb you know well)

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Register

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Register

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Register

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Punctuation
The colon
Colons are used to separate (a) two main clauses, or

(b) a main clause and a phrase, when the second clause or phrase provides an example, a reason or an illustration of what is said in the first clause.
In the direct speech, when it comes after the introduction.
Examples: I told him what he ought to do: he should tell her at once that he'd lost his job.
I only like three sorts of fruit: apples, pears and bananas.
As Hemingway puts it: “It’s good to have an end to journey toward; but it is the journey that matters in the end.”

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Punctuation
The semi-colon
Semi-colons are used to separate two long main clauses, when

they both have the same subject, and/or are both part of a single topic or idea; they are particularly used when the second clause starts with a conjunction.
Semi-colons are also used as a kind of "super comma", in sentences which have a number of commas, and where one or two breaks need more emphasis than others.
Examples: I had seen lions and rhinoceros in the zoo, most recently at Whipsnade zoo, which is near London; but I'd never before seen them in the wild in their natural environment.
The students, who'd been there for three days, were sleeping in tents; as for the medical staff, they had a bungalow to sleep in.
I'd been to England, Scotland, and Wales, which I particularly enjoyed; and also to France, Spain, and Portugal.

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Punctuation
The comma
Commas are principally used to separate clauses, to put words

into relief in a sentence, or to separate elements in a list.
Commas are required at the end of quoted direct speech, when this is followed by words like he said, they told us or said the President.
Commas separate the word “please” at the beginning and the end of the sentence.
Commas are put after the phrases of time and place.
Examples : 1a. Elton John, who is a great pianist, is a campaigner for gay rights.
1b. Scotch Whisky, which has to be imported, is popular in Brazil
2. Peter was just getting out of bed, but his wife Mary was already washed dressed and in the car.
3a. Would you please bring me three apples, two bananas, a pear, and a carrot.
3b. You can choose different colour-schemes, including black and white, pink and purple, bright orange, and yellow and green.
4a. "I'm a hundred and one years old," the old man said.

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Punctuation
Long dashes can be used, rather like brackets, to put part

of a sentence into parentheses.
Example:
There are three large strange animals – no-one knows exactly what they are – that are sometimes seen on the moor at night.

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Punctuation
Exclamation marks
Exclamation marks can replace full stops at the end of a

sentence, to express surprise. Do not over-use them, as this is bad style.
Example:
Nothing quite so exciting has ever been done before!

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PUNCTUATION CLAUSES
Commas separate only non-defining clauses. Defining clauses are not separated

by commas:
Example:
The man who is standing in front of you is our neighbor.
My father, who is an engineer, works in a new office.

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Punctuation
When an introductory prepositional phrase is very short (less than four

words), the comma is usually optional. But if the phrase is longer than four words, use a comma. Introductory clauses start with adverbs like after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc.
Example:
Before the movie starts let’s get some popcorn.
After riding his bike around the neighborhood twice, Rob was sweating profusely.
In appositive phrases commas are necessary only after personal names.
Example:
Kate, an only child , demands a lot of attention.
The opera singer Maria Callas had myopia.

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Punctuation
Before “because” no comma must be used.
Example:
Michael went to the

forest because he loves walking among the trees.
You should put a comma before but only when but is connecting two independent clauses.
Example:
I would go for a walk, but it’s raining outside. Or: I would go for a walk but for the rain.
Grammar is boring, but it’s necessary.
This comma rule applies to all conjunctions, including or, and so.

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Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm

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Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm
Common cases of redundancy:
In order to – just “to…”
Forever

and ever…just “forever”….
9:00 a.m. in the morning or 9:00 p.m. in the evening …- just 9:00 a.m.\p.m.
Major breakthrough ….just “breakthrough”…
Postpone until later… just “postpone”…
Unexpected surprise …. just “surprise”….
Still remains… just “remains”…
Redundant: The members of the Student Council will think about the argument, and come up with a final decision through a vote next week at an open meeting.
Fixed: The members of the Student Council will have a final decision next week at an open meeting after a vote.

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Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm
Use descriptive nouns and verbs whenever possible. (“Roses" or

"tulips" instead of "flowers;" "chuckled" or "guffawed" instead of "laughed").
Avoid using "crutch words.” Certain words and phrases lend themselves to being overused in writing, fiction or nonfiction. (“Beautiful"/"Lovely"/"Attractive“; “Big"/"Huge," "Small/Little/Tiny“; “Exciting"/"Thrilling“; “Fascinating"/"Interesting“, “Go"/"Went“; “Got“; “Important”.)
Avoid vague words. (Stuff, things, very).
Avoid clichés.(“Easy as pie" or “as hard as stone“.) Instead use humour: “easy as my granny’s duck soup”.
Use stylistic devices (metaphors, epithets, similes, zeugma, oxymoron).

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Cohesion

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Coherence
The issue of global warming has become one of the most

popular concerns nowadays. For example, carbon dioxide gases pollute the environment.
The issue of global warming has become one of the most popular concerns nowadays. Much as people try to solve this problem, there are a lot of factors that aggravate the situation. For example, carbon dioxide gases continuously pollute the environment.

CAE Writing Basics

Содержание

PLAN 1.Content 2. Communicative Achievement 2.1. Register2.2. Punctuation2.3. Paragraphing, Length,

CONTENT ESSAYDiscuss TWO of the factors. Explain why they influence young

Example

CONTENT REPORTAdvantages of the resources offered to students. Disadvantages of the

Example

CONTENT REVIEW Description of an activity holiday. Evaluation to what extent

Example

CONTENT LETTERPersonal experience of using technology for learning in your country.

Example

CONTENT PROPOSAL Invitation to students to visit the college. Statement of

Example

Register Formal Semi-formal Informal ReportProposalLetter (to somebody you don’t know or

Register

Register

Register

PunctuationThe colonColons are used to separate (a) two main clauses, or

PunctuationThe semi-colonSemi-colons are used to separate two long main clauses, when

PunctuationThe commaCommas are principally used to separate clauses, to put words

PunctuationLong dashes can be used, rather like brackets, to put part

PunctuationExclamation marksExclamation marks can replace full stops at the end of a

PUNCTUATION CLAUSESCommas separate only non-defining clauses. Defining clauses are not separated

PunctuationWhen an introductory prepositional phrase is very short (less than four

PunctuationBefore “because” no comma must be used. Example:Michael went to the

Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm

Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm Common cases of redundancy:In order to – just “to…”Forever

Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm Use descriptive nouns and verbs whenever possible. (“Roses" or

Cohesion

CoherenceThe issue of global warming has become one of the most

Похожие презентации

PLAN
1.Content
2. Communicative Achievement
2.1. Register
2.2. Punctuation
2.3. Paragraphing, Length,

CONTENT ESSAY
Discuss TWO of the factors.
Explain why they influence young

CONTENT REPORT
Advantages of the resources offered to students.
Disadvantages of the

CONTENT REVIEW
Description of an activity holiday.
Evaluation to what extent

CONTENT LETTER
Personal experience of using technology for learning in your country.

CONTENT PROPOSAL
Invitation to students to visit the college.
Statement of

Register
Formal Semi-formal Informal
Report
Proposal
Letter (to somebody you don’t know or

Punctuation
The colon
Colons are used to separate (a) two main clauses, or

Punctuation
The semi-colon
Semi-colons are used to separate two long main clauses, when

Punctuation
The comma
Commas are principally used to separate clauses, to put words

Punctuation
Long dashes can be used, rather like brackets, to put part

Punctuation
Exclamation marks
Exclamation marks can replace full stops at the end of a

PUNCTUATION CLAUSES
Commas separate only non-defining clauses. Defining clauses are not separated

Punctuation
When an introductory prepositional phrase is very short (less than four

Punctuation
Before “because” no comma must be used.
Example:
Michael went to the

Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm
Common cases of redundancy:
In order to – just “to…”
Forever

Paragraphing, Length, Rhythm
Use descriptive nouns and verbs whenever possible. (“Roses" or

Coherence
The issue of global warming has become one of the most