Policy Design

Август 24, 2022

Содержание

2. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. The problem of problem definition Remember the idea that a “problem” usually means
3. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. The problem of problem definition Problem definition is contestable, due to the different
4. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. The problem of problem definition A policy problem statement is a somewhat political
5. Giancarlo Vecchi 1. The problem of problem definition In handbooks you can find suggestions to start
6. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION & AGENDA SETTING Problem definition = Agenda-setting phase WHAT IS THE
7. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Problem setting refers to the genesis of policy/project, that starts with the recognition
8. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Actors: Have interests and values Want public policies (or projects) that fit those
9. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. “Agenda setting is the list of subjects or problems to which governmental officials,
10. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Types of agenda Public Agenda: the main problems discussed at societal level, with
11. Giancarlo Vecchi From issues to policy problems “Whosoever initially identifies a social problem shapes the initial
12. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street ↓ PROBLEM ↓ POLICY
13. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street ↓ PROBLEM homeless (social policy: problem of
14. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street ↓ PROBLEM homeless (problem of houses?) security
15. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Facts are things which never speak for themselves: they require an interpreter Problems
16. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. A problem has to be defined, structured, located within certain boundaries and be
17. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. The fact we may share the same data, or at least believe that
18. Giancarlo Vecchi 2.
19. The ambiguity of the reality duck or rabbit? da Beverley Southgate, Postmodernism in History: Fear or
20. Da Watzlawick 2. (perceptions and reality)
21. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Experts (Goffman, Lakoff, Shön, Kahneman) use the term: FRAME to underline that the
22. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example: animal testing ANIMAL TESTING Actor A: Animal rights movement Interest/value/belief: ….
23. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example Interest/value/belief: animal rights need to be defended Framing ‘animal testing’ ?
24. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example Framing ‘animal testing’: ‘animal cruelty’, a phenomenon that should not be allowed
25. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example Actor B Scientist at university Interest/value/belief: ….
26. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example Interest/value/belief: animal testing help to cure people and their diseases and sicknesses
27. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. Example Framing ‘animal testing’: “Life-saving research” And Public policies that allow animal testing
28. Giancarlo Vecchi 2. SUMMING UP: “The definition of a problem is part of the problem” Agenda
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Giancarlo Vecchi
1. The problem of problem definition
Remember the idea that

a “problem” usually means that some people think there is something wrong in the world.
But you should consider that “wrong” is a very debatable term
Not everyone will think that the facts you have defined as a problem are really a problem needed a public policy or a public intervention.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
1. The problem of problem definition
Problem definition is contestable,

due to the different values and interests in society: problem definition acquires often a political connotation
Remember:
Labelling is first attributing a name to a problem through a definitional process of association (with facts, numbers, etc.). This attribution is the first of the language games among actors identified by Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein, 1958).
Labelling will influence meaning.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
1. The problem of problem definition
A policy problem statement

is a somewhat political weapon of its stakeholders, who want not only to describe the disorder of our society but also to shape it: they want transforming a given situation into an unacceptable public problem (to force public intervention) and then into hypothesis of solution.
A problem definition relies not only on the naming of its principal object but also on the definitional activity: i.e. linking the object named to a set of expected outcomes through some proposals which gives it meaning and will structure the policy actions.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
1. The problem of problem definition
In handbooks you can

find suggestions to start a problem definition claiming for the public intervention, using argumentations relating to:
- market failures (e.g. private companies do not have interests in providing goods, or they created a monopoly/oligopoly with to high prices and low quality)
- side effects of well functioning markets (e.g. pollution and ecological problems, health problems, etc.), or
- social failures connected to breakdown of some social systems, like family relationships, racial or minorities discriminations, etc.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION & AGENDA SETTING
Problem definition = Agenda-setting

phase
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM TO SOLVE?
HOW TO DEFINE A PROBLEM IN A PLURALISTIC CONTEXT?
Before a new project/policy is introduced, an issue should be defined as a ‘problem’ that need an intervention

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
Problem setting refers to the genesis of policy/project, that

starts with the recognition of a collective problem
What counts as a problem and how a problem is defined depends upon the way in which actors and policy-makers (subjects that represent societal groups) seek to address an issue or an event

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
Actors:
Have interests and values
Want public policies (or projects) that

fit those interests, beliefs, values
And for that reasons:
… actors try to define issues in a way which makes action or inaction likely, according to their interests and/or values, beliefs

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
“Agenda setting is the list of subjects or problems

to which governmental officials, and people outside the government closely associated with those officials, are paying serious attention at any given time. … They do in fact seriously attend to some of them rather than others. So, the agenda setting process narrows this set of conceivable subjects to the set that actually becomes the focus of attention” (Kingdon, 1984, p. 3)

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
Types of agenda
Public Agenda: the main problems discussed at

societal level, with the involvement of one or some opinion leaders that raise a problem
Institutional (governmental) Agenda: the list of problems that are getting attention of public institutions
Decision Agenda: problems that are up for an active decision

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Giancarlo Vecchi
From issues to policy problems
“Whosoever initially identifies a social

problem shapes the initial terms in which it will be debated” (J. Jones)
Consider for example the following sequence:

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
ISSUE
people sleeping on the street
↓
PROBLEM
↓
POLICY

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
ISSUE
people sleeping on the street
↓
PROBLEM
homeless (social policy: problem

of houses?)
security of inhabitants (security policy: problem of vagrancy?)
↓
POLICY

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
ISSUE
people sleeping on the street
↓
PROBLEM
homeless (problem of houses?)
security

of inhabitants (problem of vagrancy?)
↓
POLICY
more social housing or labour measures (against unemployment)
more police and law enforcement

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
Facts are things which never speak for themselves: they

require an interpreter
Problems tend to exist in policy terms (and political sense) when it affects and threatens some societal groups.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
A problem has to be defined, structured, located within

certain boundaries and be given a name.
The words and concepts we employ to describe, analyse or categorize an event/issue will frame the reality to wich we seek to apply a “ policy solution”.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
The fact we may share the same data, or

at least believe that we share the same data, does not mean that we see/intend the same things:
VALUES, BELIEFS, IDEOLOGIES, INTERESTS AND BIAS ALL SHAPE PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.

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The ambiguity of the reality
duck or rabbit?
da Beverley Southgate,

Postmodernism in History: Fear or Freedom?, Publisher: Routledge, Publication Date: 2003

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Da Watzlawick
2.
(perceptions and reality)

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
Experts (Goffman, Lakoff, Shön, Kahneman) use the term: FRAME

to underline that the reality is perceived through a framework:
people have, through their lifetimes (experiences/culture/values/interests/context), built series of mental emotional filters. They use these filters to make sense of the world. The choices they then make are influenced by their frame or emotional filters.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example: animal testing
ANIMAL TESTING
Actor A: Animal rights movement
Interest/value/belief:

….

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example
Interest/value/belief:
animal rights need to be defended
Framing ‘animal testing’

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example
Framing ‘animal testing’:
‘animal cruelty’, a phenomenon that should

not be allowed in a civilized society
And public policies in line with this specific interest: no financial funds to pharmaceutical research, rules that prohibits animal testing, etc.

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example
Actor B
Scientist at university
Interest/value/belief: ….

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example
Interest/value/belief:
animal testing help to cure people and their

diseases and sicknesses

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2. Example
Framing ‘animal testing’:
“Life-saving research”
And Public policies that allow

animal testing

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Giancarlo Vecchi
2.
SUMMING UP: “The definition of a problem is part

of the problem”
Agenda setting is the phase in which a problematic conditions of society are debated in order to obtain public recognition
There are many conflicts among the different societal groups to reach public recognition and public interventions/resources directed to ameliorate problematic conditions

Policy Design

Содержание

Giancarlo Vecchi1. The problem of problem definition Remember the idea that

Giancarlo Vecchi1. The problem of problem definition Problem definition is contestable,

Giancarlo Vecchi1. The problem of problem definition A policy problem statement

Giancarlo Vecchi1. The problem of problem definition In handbooks you can

Giancarlo Vecchi2. PROBLEM DEFINITION & AGENDA SETTING Problem definition = Agenda-setting

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Problem setting refers to the genesis of policy/project, that

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Actors:Have interests and valuesWant public policies (or projects) that

Giancarlo Vecchi2. “Agenda setting is the list of subjects or problems

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Types of agendaPublic Agenda: the main problems discussed at

Giancarlo VecchiFrom issues to policy problems “Whosoever initially identifies a social

Giancarlo Vecchi2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street↓PROBLEM↓POLICY

Giancarlo Vecchi2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street↓PROBLEMhomeless (social policy: problem

Giancarlo Vecchi2. ISSUE people sleeping on the street↓PROBLEMhomeless (problem of houses?)security

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Facts are things which never speak for themselves: they

Giancarlo Vecchi2. A problem has to be defined, structured, located within

Giancarlo Vecchi2. The fact we may share the same data, or

Giancarlo Vecchi2.

The ambiguity of the reality duck or rabbit? da Beverley Southgate,

Da Watzlawick 2.(perceptions and reality)

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Experts (Goffman, Lakoff, Shön, Kahneman) use the term: FRAME

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example: animal testing ANIMAL TESTINGActor A: Animal rights movementInterest/value/belief:

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example Interest/value/belief:animal rights need to be defendedFraming ‘animal testing’

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example Framing ‘animal testing’: ‘animal cruelty’, a phenomenon that should

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example Actor BScientist at universityInterest/value/belief: ….

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example Interest/value/belief:animal testing help to cure people and their

Giancarlo Vecchi2. Example Framing ‘animal testing’:“Life-saving research”And Public policies that allow

Giancarlo Vecchi2. SUMMING UP: “The definition of a problem is part

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